Stairs are a necessary component in homes and businesses. Although functional, they can also be a design statement. The building of stairs, as well as most construction, has mandatory guidelines regarding how they are built, and they can often be confusing, misinterpreted, and complex, although as we will see below, extremely important. Their are international codes, national and state codes and and local codes that can sometimes seem contradictory. Their main purpose, even if often seems misdirected, is aimed at safety. Doing the research for this article, it was difficult to come up with the most current code, as they have changed. Residential is different than commercial. On top of that you have OSHA input. This post is being done at reader request. I am not going to deal with the technicalities of building stairs, but with the issue of how to make them safe, using good design and hopefully some common sense, so that a fall is less likely, while keeping in mind architectural and design decisions as well. Thankfully, this reader had a spouse who took a fall but was unhurt, and they are looking for some ideas for their front and back stairs. I had actually had this post on a list, but moved it up. If you are looking for some technical info, I will provide links, the most current I could find, at the end of the post. This post will offer some design solutions for your consideration. Below are examples for most decor preferences.
There are stairs that are modern, traditional, transitional, and more. No matter their design, here are some sobering statistics: among unintended injuries, stair falls are second only to automobile crashes. Children and seniors are at greatest risk, and the greatest risk is due to slipping. source. The National Safety Council reports 12,000 deaths a year from stair falls, with half of these deaths in the home. source. I myself had no idea it was that many. There is some thought it may be even higher because some of these stair accidents and deaths go unreported as such for many reasons. Although obstacles such as toys or items left about caused some, most were due to lack of handrails and incorrect riser or tread measurements, as well as variability of the bottom riser to the first step. Varability of even one quarter of an inch can cause an accident….yes, 1/4 inch. Also, unexpected location of stairs leads to many falls. For example, stairs of just one or two steps in a hallway or doorway can be especially hazardous. source. One of my concerns personally as a designer has been the one or two steps we often see from the garage to the house. So easy to trip on.
Visual and or tactile clues will help and that is what I have included below, as well as some considerations for design choices, including some that are common, but potentially serious safety hazards. Design considerations do inform safety. For example, besides riser height, the shape of the stair rail also does. Grip strength has been studied on varying shapes of rail both in children and adults. The distance of the rail from the wall as well. This is why the codes are so specific. source.
I certainly gave you a lot of illustrations, but in the hopes that if you are considering carpeting your stairs, you will find some information here to proceed with enough information that safety will inform your choices.
Thanks for stopping by. Laters, charisse
additional stir info: 2013 building code
The front edge of a tread is called a nosing. It can be flush or protrude up to 1 1/4 inches from the riser.
I am thinking about doing the books idea on my stairs and was going to paint the treads. My concern is purely safety related so wondered if the injuries were worse on falls on wooden stairs or if carpets provide some cushioning? I bought rubber grips to put down but if carpet would provide some protection I may consider just carpeting the treads and painting the risers – it’s not quite the look I wanted but would feel awful if someone was injured because they fell and the hard landing was the cause. Would appreciate any thoughts on that one =)
The carpet would most likely provide some cushion, but only if it is installed correctly and attached tightly underneath the tread where it joins the riser. Carpeting on just the tread may provide some additional safety but it really would depend on the type of carpet…..does it have some grip or a slippery surface. With just a tread it is not likely to provide significant protection in a fall. If you like doing the book stair, do it and enjoy. The most important issue with stair safety is having a good handrail and hoping that people look where they are going. Having it well lighted is important as well. I hope this helps some. Charisse
Yes it does =) Thank you – really appreciate the swift reply and loved the article – so much information and inspiration x
Excellent article. Well done and helpful. Thank you!
Very nice variety of options… one question on the very beautiful, soft blue-gray vertical tree trunk wallpapered stairway… and there were several other similar views, all from the bottom, looking up the stairwell. In that view the steps were well accented for safety, however, as you pointed out in several commentaries, most accidents occur descending the stairs. Therefore , it would be invaluable to view these wonderful stairs from the top and see if the steps are less defined or not? Thanks, Marty
Hi Marty, I wished I could provide photos of these stairs from the top, but unfortunately, because most photos are taken to maximize the foyer view and for aesthetic purposes, there are rare times when the view is a “down” view, but you make a very valid point. When I am in various homes as I design, I will try to remember to take a few photos from the top, and perhaps can do another article from that point of view. Thanks for commenting.
Thank you so much. I can’t remember how many short carpeted stairs have have slid down because the edge of the stair had soft carpet with no support, mostly in bi-level homes. I see most of the stairs in this article have solid wood treads with a Tread cover/carpets that do not stick up, are smooth, thin and flat against the tread and have a surface that catches the foot only slightly, enough for the foot not to slip either going up or down. I wish builders would keep this in mind when building all homes, economy as well as luxury.
Excellent advice and illustrations. The only challenge I have is locating a suitable carpet fitter. Virtually every fitter I’ve used previously has been questionable to say the least in relation to both workmanship and reliability. Any suggestions on how to source one in the Essex area who could take on work with the necessary attention to detail? Thanks, John.
Very Interesting. Nice to know all of these facts. Lots of things that I have never thought about. Very strange how that one
builder did not extend the stair railing to the end of the stairs! I could see a huge accident in the making with that one! It is the second photo where the fabric is also too loose. The stairway with the book titles is so clever and “whimsical” for just the right setting; a library stairs or a list of other possibilities. Definitely an art to safety and style combinations
Thanks again. Love the read!
Victoria
It has really amazed me how unsafe many stairs are. I cannot tell you how many I have seen that are too steep, with carpet poorly installed or too bulky to be safe. Back in Roman times they developed a mathematical formula for stairs that took into account comfort and safety to a degree, based on human locomotion. But the codes do vary. Humans are also taller now. We can all think back to stairs we have climbed, inside and outside, that we really have to concentrate to negotiate safely.
Bravo! Just loved it, Charisse! Thank you! Regarding the sisal which I love: is the natural fiber sisal slippery or a better grip? Stores always try to sell the sisal ‘look’ and it’s just not the same to me…That eclectic strip was very interesting, you always show so many wonderful options. But the sisal is timeless and beautiful. Thank you again!
Laurie,
Yes, sisal is classic and never goes out of style. How slippery it is can also depend on the weave or pattern. I also like sisal blends and synthetic sisal. Here is a web site with good into and examples: sisal carpet I would go to carpet stores and get a feel for what you like as well as walking on it if possible. I have seen many too steep staircases that make climbing or defending the stairs, carpet or not a challenge. Each situation will be different.